专题19《本票与支票》
以下为《2026商经法鄢梦萱系统精讲》中专题19《本票与支票》（第156页至第158页）的全部逐字原文内容：
专题19 本票与支票
一、本票
知识点 138 本票的出票、付款规则
1. 概念 本票，是指出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。 《票据法》所称本票，是指银行本票。
2. 出票规则
| 类别 | 内容 | 提示说明 |
| 出票时的绝对记载事项 | 本票必须记载下列事项；未记载下列事项之一的，本票无效：①表明“本票”的字样；②无条件支付的承诺；③确定的金额；④收款人名称；⑤出票日期；⑥出票人签章。 | 提示： 和汇票相比，本票无需记载“付款人名称”，因为在本票中，“出票人=付款人”。 |
| 可推定记载事项 | (1) 本票上未记载付款地的，出票人的营业场所为付款地； (2) 本票上未记载出票地的，出票人的营业场所为出票地。 | 提示： (1) 汇票未记载左列事项的，可推定营业场所、住所或者经常居住地； (2) 本票仅可推定“营业场所”。 |
1. 付款规则 (1) 本票的出票人在持票人提示见票时，必须承担付款的责任。（本票无承兑规则） (2) 本票自出票日起，付款期限最长不得超过2个月。本票的持票人未按照规定期限提示见票的，丧失对出票人以外的前手的追索权。
二、支票
知识点 139 支票的概念、特征、种类
1. 概念 支票，是指出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或者其他金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。
2. 特征 和汇票相比，支票具有下列特征： (1) 付款人只能是银行或者其他金融机构； (2) 限于“见票即付”，无需承兑； (3) 付款期限较汇票更短；（见下文） (4) 出票规则相对宽松。（见下文）
3. 种类 (1) 可分为：记名支票、不记名支票。 (2) 可分为：现金支票、转账支票。其中，现金支票只能用于支取现金；转账支票只能用于转账，不得支取现金。
知识点 140 支票的出票★★
1. 出票人的资格 (1) 开立支票存款账户和领用支票，应当有可靠的资信，并存入一定的资金； (2) 开立支票存款账户，申请人应当预留其本名的签名式样和印鉴。
2. 支票的法定记载事项、未记载事项的补救
| 类别 | 项目 | 内容 | 提示说明 |
| 绝对记载事项 （出票日两人无钱） | — | 支票必须记载下列事项；未记载下列事项之一的，支票无效：①表明“支票”的字样；②无条件支付的委托；③确定的金额；④付款人名称；⑤出票日期；⑥出票人签章。 | — |
| 可补记事项 | 收款人名称 | 支票上未记载收款人名称的，经出票人授权，可以补记。出票人可以在支票上记载自己为收款人。 | 提示： (1) 汇票出票时未记载“收款人名称”“金额”的，汇票无效，不可补记。 (2) 禁止签发空头支票；但汇票无此限制。 |
| 金额 | 支票上的金额可以由出票人授权补记，未补记前的支票，不得使用。 支票的出票人所签发的支票金额不得超过付款时在付款人处实有的存款金额。 | ||
| 可推定记载事项 | 出票地 | 支票上未记载出票地的，出票人的营业场所、住所或者经常居住地为出票地。 | 提示： (1) 汇票未记载左列事项的，可推定营业场所、住所或者经常居住地； (2) 本票未记载左列事项的，仅可推定“营业场所”。 |
| 付款地 | 支票上未记载付款地的，付款人的营业场所为付款地。 |
知识点 141 支票的付款★★
1. 付款人 支票付款人的资格有严格限制，仅限于银行或者其他金融机构。
2. 提示付款、付款日期 (1) 支票的持票人应当自出票日起10日内提示付款；超过提示付款期限的，付款人可以不予付款。 (2) 付款人因超过提示付款期限不予付款的，持票人仍享有票据权利，出票人仍应对持票人承担票据责任，支付票据所载金额。 (3) 出票人在付款人处的存款足以支付支票金额时，付款人应当在持票人提示付款的当日足额付款。 (4) 支票限于见票即付，不得另行记载付款日期。另行记载付款日期的，该记载无效。（但支票有效）
【随堂小测】 东霖公司向忠诺公司购买一个元器件，应付价款960元。东霖公司为付款开出一张支票，因金额较小，财务人员不小心将票据金额仅填写了数码的“￥960”，没有记载票据金额的中文大写。忠诺公司业务员也没细看，拿到支票后就放入文件袋。关于该支票，下列哪些选项是正确的？(2017/3/74)〔1〕
A. 该支票出票行为无效
B. 忠诺公司不享有票据权利
C. 东霖公司应承担票据责任
D. 该支票在使用前应补记票据金额的中文大写
19 常考角度总结 SUMMARIZE
1. 支票的出票的特殊规则。
2. 支票的付款的特殊规则。
致努力中的你
你所做的事情，
也许暂时看不到成果，
但不要灰心或焦虑，
你不是没有成长，
而是在扎根。
〔1〕 CD（对应知识点141随堂小测答案）
专题20《保险法概述》
以下为《2026商经法鄢梦萱系统精讲》中专题20《保险法概述》（第159页至第162页）的全部逐字原文内容：
第六讲 保险法
┌─ 当事人：投保人、保险人
┌─ 保险合同的当事人、─┤
│ 关系人 └─ 关系人：被保险人、受益人（人身保险合同特有） ── 专题20
│
├─ 保险合同内容冲突的处理：代签字、代填单、条款冲突等 ────────────── 专题20
│
│ ┌─ 投保人的如实告知义务
├─ 保险合同的订立 ───┼─ 保险利益原则：注意人身保险合同、财产保险合同的区别
│ ├─ 保险人的说明义务
┌─ 保险合同 ─┤ └─ 保险合同的中止、复效（仅为人身保险合同） ── 专题21、22
│ │
│ └─ 保险合同的解除 ───┬─ 投保人自愿解除：注意人身保险合同特有的“合同解除赎买权”
│ └─ 保险人法定解除
│
保险法
│ ┌─ 受益人：指定、变更、约定不明等
│ ├─ 年龄错误：特别注意不可解除合同的情形
│ ├─ 死亡险
│ ┌─ 人身保险 ─────────┼─ 费用补偿型的医疗费用保险 ──────────────── 专题21
│ │ ├─ 故意犯罪引起的保险事故
│ │ ├─ 被保险人自杀：区分2年内、2年后，注意举证责任
└─ 保险理赔、─┤ └─ 保险金的给付规则：有受益人的，支付给受益人；
特殊保险 │ 无受益人的，作为被保险人的遗产
事故的 │
处理 │ ┌─ 理赔规则
└─ 财产保险 ─────────┼─ 保险标的的变化：危险程度增加、减少等 ── 专题22
├─ 重复保险
├─ 责任保险
└─ 第三人造成的保险事故：代位求偿权规则
专题20 保险法概述
知识点 142 保险的概念和特征
1. 保险的概念
《保险法》所称保险，是指投保人根据合同约定，向保险人支付保险费，保险人对于合同约定的可能发生的事故因其发生所造成的财产损失承担赔偿保险金责任，或者当被保险人死亡、伤残、疾病或者达到合同约定的年龄、期限等条件时承担给付保险金责任的商业保险行为。
2. 保险的特征
(1) 互助性。多数投保人通过缴纳保险费，由保险人建立保险基金，对因保险事故的发生而受到损失的被保险人进行补偿。
(2) 补偿性。投保人缴纳保险费，在将来发生保险事故时，由保险人对事故损失给予补偿。
(3) 射幸性。投保人交付保险费的义务是确定的，而保险人是否承担赔偿或给付保险金的责任是不确定的。
(4) 自愿性。商业保险关系需要通过投保人与保险人之间订立保险合同而发生。
【易错】
❶ 和《社会保险法》的规定不同，“社会保险”是强制性保险，劳动者和用人单位必须参加；
❷ “自愿性”，并非保险当事人双方可以自由决定保险的范围和保险费率。
1. 保险法的主要原则
(1) 保险利益原则（详见下文）
保险利益，是指投保人或者被保险人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益。
保险利益原则的根本目的在于防止道德风险的发生，禁止将保险作为赌博的工具以及防止故意诱发保险事故而牟利企图的实现。
【萱站点睛】【易错】该原则不是为了有效弥补投保人的损失。
(2) 最大诚信原则
最大诚信原则，是指保险活动当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。
(3) 近因原则
近因原则，是指在某一保险事故中，主要的、起决定性作用的原因（近因）在保险责任范围内的，保险人就应承担保险责任。
知识点 143 保险合同概述
1. 保险合同的概念
(1) 保险合同，是指投保人与保险人约定保险权利义务关系的协议；
(2) 投保人提出保险要求，经保险人同意承保，保险合同成立。
【萱站点睛】【易错】“缴纳保险费”不是保险合同成立的要件。
2. 保险合同的当事人
(1) 投保人，是指与保险人订立保险合同，并按照合同约定负有支付保险费义务的人；
(2) 保险人，是指与投保人订立保险合同，并按照合同约定承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的保险公司。
3. 保险合同的关系人
(1) 被保险人，是指其财产或者人身受保险合同保障，享有保险金请求权的人；
(2) 受益人，是指人身保险合同中由被保险人或者投保人指定的享有保险金请求权的人。（人身保险）
4. 保险代理人
(1) 保险代理人，是指根据保险人的委托，向保险人收取佣金，并在保险人授权的范围内代为办理保险业务的机构或者个人；（委托代理关系）
(2) 保险代理人根据保险人的授权代为办理保险业务的行为，由保险人承担责任；
(3) 个人保险代理人在代为办理人寿保险业务时，不得同时接受2个以上保险人的委托。
5. 保险经纪人
(1) 保险经纪人，是指基于投保人的利益，为投保人与保险人订立保险合同提供中介服务，并依法收取佣金的机构；
(2) 保险经纪人因过错给投保人、被保险人造成损失的，依法承担赔偿责任。
【提示】
可为机构+个人 ─────────→ 保险代理人 保险经纪人 ─────────→ 只能是机构
责任由保险人承担 自行担责
知识点 144 保险合同内容冲突的处理★★
| 事项 | 内容 |
| “代签字”纠纷 | (1) 投保人或其代理人订立保险合同时没有亲自签字或盖章，而由保险人或其代理人代为签字或盖章的，对投保人不生效； (2) 投保人已经交纳保险费的，视为其对代签字或盖章行为的追认。 |
| “代填单”纠纷 | 保险人或其代理人代为填写保险单证后经投保人签字或盖章确认的，代为填写的内容视为投保人的真实意思表示。 |
| 合同审查期间发生保险事故 | 保险人接受了投保人提交的投保单并收取了保险费，尚未作出是否承保的意思表示，发生保险事故，被保险人或受益人请求保险人按照保险合同承担赔偿或给付保险金责任的： (1) 符合承保条件的，保险人要承担保险责任； (2) 不符合承保条件的，保险人不承担保险责任，但应当退还已经收取的保险费； (3) 保险人主张不符合承保条件的，应承担举证责任。 |
| 投保单与保险单或其他保险凭证不一致 | (1) 原则上，以投保单为准； (2) 上述不一致的情形系经保险人说明并经投保人同意的，以投保人签收的保险单或其他保险凭证载明的内容为准。 |
| 格式条款的争议 | (1) 按照通常理解予以解释； (2) 作出有利于被保险人和受益人的解释； (3) 保险人在其提供的保险合同格式条款中对非保险术语所作的解释符合专业意义，或虽不符合专业意义，但有利于投保人、被保险人或受益人的，法院应予认可。 |
【随堂小测】
甲公司将其财产向乙保险公司投保。因甲公司要向银行申请贷款，乙公司依甲公司指示将保险单直接交给银行。下列哪一表述是正确的？(2013/3/34)〔1〕
A. 因保险单未送达甲公司，保险合同不成立
B. 如保险单与投保单内容不一致，则应以投保单为准
C. 乙公司同意承保时，保险合同成立
D. 如甲公司未缴纳保险费，则保险合同不成立
致努力中的你
如果你不迈出第一步，
就永远不知道你的梦想是多么容易实现。
〔1〕 C（对应知识点144随堂小测答案）
专题19《本票与支票》
专题19 本票与支票
考点 62 支票（出票、付款规则）
第1题 东霖公司向忠诺公司购买一个元器件，应付价款960元。东霖公司为付款开出一张支票，因金额较小，财务人员不小心将票据金额仅填写了数码的“￥960元”，没有记载票据金额的中文大写。忠诺公司业务员也没细看，拿到支票后就放入文件袋。关于该支票，下列哪些选项是正确的？(2017/3/74-多)
A 该支票出票行为无效
B 忠诺公司不享有票据权利
C 东霖公司应承担票据责任
D 该支票在使用前应补记票据金额的中文大写
第2题 甲公司派员工张某到乙公司购买农用车，并由甲公司开具支票用于支付价款。该支票未填写金额和收款人，但注明“此支票用于张某购买农用车，见票1月内可付款”。张某到乙公司进货时发现电动车利润大，遂自行填写金额和收款人名称后，用该支票支付购买电动车的款项。现该支票被银行拒付。关于该支票的效力，下列哪一选项是正确的？(2021-回忆版-单)
A 该支票因未填具体金额而无效
B 该支票因未填收款人名称而无效
C 该支票因记载“见票1月内可付款”而无效
D 该支票因记载“用于张某购买农用车”而无效
第3题 陆某是甲公司的法定代表人，在一次展销会上遇到乙公司的业务员杜某。陆某代表甲公司和杜某签订了50万元的订单，并以甲公司的名义开具支票，但未加盖公司公章。后杜某将支票背书转让给丙。对此，下列说法正确的是：(2022-回忆版-单)
A 因未加盖甲公司公章，故丙只能向陆某行使追索权
B 因未加盖甲公司公章，故该支票无效
C 虽然未盖章，但该张支票仍然可以背书转让，丙享有票据权利
D 该张支票有甲公司的法定代表人签名，故该支票有效
专题20《保险法概述》
专题20 保险法概述
考点 63 保险合同概述、保险合同内容冲突的处理、基本原则
第4题 保险公司推销员甲向白某推销一份保险，在填写投保单时，白某委托甲代为填写并签字。在填写投保人职业时，甲依稀记得白某是司机，实际上白某是货车司机，而该份保险合同的保险范围不包括货车驾驶员。保险合同订立后，白某缴纳了保费。据此，下列哪些说法是正确的？(2022-回忆版-多)
A 甲不是白某的代理人
B 甲是白某的代理人
C 保险公司可以解除保险合同
D 保险公司应当承担保险责任
第5题 张三为自己投保人身意外伤害险，受益人标明“法定”。几个月后，张三在下班途中，所骑电动车和一辆货车碰撞，张三死亡，事故鉴定报告显示张三的死因为心脏骤停。保险公司以张三并非死于车祸，而是因病死亡为由拒赔。经查，张三是弃婴，自小被张甲夫妇收养，登记在张家的户口本上，备注为养女，但因为没有出生证，一直没有办理收养手续。张三无其他亲人。关于本案，下列哪些选项是正确的？(2024-回忆版-多)
A 保险公司有权拒赔
B 张甲夫妇是受益人
C 保险公司应当给付保险金
D 保险公司可以和货车司机协商赔付的比例
【English Version】
Commercial and Economic Law
Topic 19: Promissory Notes and Cheques
Topic 20: Overview of Insurance Law
The following is the full verbatim text of Topic 19, "Promissory Notes and Cheques", from the 2026 Commercial and Economic Law Systematic Lecture Series by Yan Mengxuan (pp. 156–158):
Topic 19 Promissory Notes and Cheques
I. Promissory Notes
Knowledge Point 138 Rules on the Issuance and Payment of Promissory Notes
1. Concept A promissory note is a negotiable instrument issued by a drawer, by which the drawer undertakes to pay unconditionally a definite sum of money to the payee or the holder upon presentment. A promissory note as referred to in the Negotiable Instruments Law of the People's Republic of China means a bank promissory note.
2. Rules on issuance
| Category | Content | Note |
| Absolute entries required upon issuance | A promissory note must record the following matters; if any one of the following matters is not recorded, the promissory note is invalid: ① the words "promissory note"; ② an unconditional undertaking to pay; ③ a definite amount; ④ the name of the payee; ⑤ the date of issuance; ⑥ the signature/seal of the drawer. | Note: Compared with a bill of exchange, a promissory note need not record the "name of the drawee", because in a promissory note, "drawer = drawee (payer)". |
| Presumptive entries | (1) Where the place of payment is not recorded on a promissory note, the drawer's place of business is the place of payment; (2) Where the place of issuance is not recorded on a promissory note, the drawer's place of business is the place of issuance. | Note: (1) Where a bill of exchange does not record the matters in the left column, the place of business, domicile, or habitual residence may be presumed; (2) For a promissory note, only the "place of business" may be presumed. |
3. Payment rules (1) The drawer of a promissory note must assume liability for payment when the holder presents the note for payment. (A promissory note has no rules on acceptance.) (2) The maximum period for payment of a promissory note, counted from the date of issuance, shall not exceed 2 months. Where the holder of a promissory note fails to present the note for payment within the prescribed period, he loses the right of recourse against prior parties other than the drawer.
II. Cheques
Knowledge Point 139 The Concept, Characteristics, and Types of Cheques
1. Concept A cheque is a negotiable instrument issued by a drawer, instructing a bank or other financial institution that handles cheque deposit business to pay unconditionally a definite sum of money to the payee or the holder upon presentment.
2. Characteristics Compared with a bill of exchange, a cheque has the following characteristics: (1) the drawee may only be a bank or other financial institution; (2) it is limited to "payable on presentment" and requires no acceptance; (3) its period for payment is shorter than that of a bill of exchange; (see below) (4) its rules on issuance are relatively lenient. (see below)
3. Types (1) It may be divided into: registered cheques and bearer cheques. (2) It may be divided into: cash cheques and transfer cheques. A cash cheque may only be used to withdraw cash; a transfer cheque may only be used for transfers and may not be used to withdraw cash.
Knowledge Point 140 Issuance of Cheques★★
1. Qualification of the drawer (1) To open a cheque deposit account and obtain cheques, one shall have reliable credit standing and deposit a certain amount of funds; (2) To open a cheque deposit account, the applicant shall reserve a specimen of his signature in his own name and his seal.
2. Statutory entries on a cheque and remedies for unrecorded entries
| Category | Item | Content | Note |
| Absolute entries (mnemonic: "on the date of issuance, two persons have no money") | — | A cheque must record the following matters; if any one of the following matters is not recorded, the cheque is invalid: ① the words "cheque"; ② an unconditional instruction to pay; ③ a definite amount; ④ the name of the drawee; ⑤ the date of issuance; ⑥ the signature/seal of the drawer. | — |
| Supplementary entries | Name of the payee | Where the name of the payee is not recorded on a cheque, it may be supplemented with the authorisation of the drawer. The drawer may record himself as the payee. | Note: (1) Where a bill of exchange does not record the "name of the payee" or the "amount" upon issuance, the bill of exchange is invalid and may not be supplemented. (2) The issuance of a dishonoured cheque drawn without sufficient funds is prohibited; but no such restriction applies to bills of exchange. |
| Amount | The amount on a cheque may be supplemented under the authorisation of the drawer; before it is supplemented, the cheque shall not be used. The amount of a cheque issued by the drawer shall not exceed the amount of the deposit actually held with the drawee at the time of payment. | ||
| Presumptive entries | Place of issuance | Where the place of issuance is not recorded on a cheque, the drawer's place of business, domicile, or habitual residence is the place of issuance. | Note: (1) Where a bill of exchange does not record the matters in the left column, the place of business, domicile, or habitual residence may be presumed; (2) Where a promissory note does not record the matters in the left column, only the "place of business" may be presumed. |
| Place of payment | Where the place of payment is not recorded on a cheque, the drawee's place of business is the place of payment. |
Knowledge Point 141 Payment of Cheques★★
1. Drawee The qualification of the drawee of a cheque is strictly limited, to banks or other financial institutions only.
2. Presentment for payment and the date of payment (1) The holder of a cheque shall present the cheque for payment within 10 days from the date of issuance; if the period for presentment for payment is exceeded, the drawee may refuse payment. (2) Where the drawee refuses payment because the period for presentment for payment has been exceeded, the holder still enjoys rights under the instrument, and the drawer shall still assume liability under the instrument to the holder, paying the amount stated on the instrument. (3) Where the drawer's deposit with the drawee is sufficient to pay the amount of the cheque, the drawee shall pay the full amount on the day the holder presents the cheque for payment. (4) A cheque is limited to being payable on presentment, and no separate date of payment may be recorded. Where a date of payment is separately recorded, that record is invalid. (But the cheque remains valid.)
[In-Class Quiz] Donglin Company purchased a component from Zhongnuo Company, for which the price payable was RMB 960. Donglin Company issued a cheque in payment; because the amount was small, a member of the finance staff carelessly filled in only the Arabic numerals "¥960" for the amount of the instrument, without recording the amount of the instrument in Chinese capital characters. The salesperson of Zhongnuo Company did not look carefully either, and after receiving the cheque put it straight into a file bag. Regarding this cheque, which of the following options are correct? (2017/3/74)〔1〕
A. The act of issuing this cheque is invalid
B. Zhongnuo Company does not enjoy rights under the instrument
C. Donglin Company shall bear liability under the instrument
D. Before this cheque is used, the amount of the instrument in Chinese capital characters shall be supplemented
Topic 19 — Summary of Frequently Tested Angles (SUMMARIZE)
1. The special rules on the issuance of cheques.
2. The special rules on the payment of cheques.
To you who are striving
What you are doing,
You may not see results for the time being,
But do not lose heart or be anxious,
It is not that you are not growing,
But that you are putting down roots.
〔1〕 CD (Answer to the in-class quiz for Knowledge Point 141)
Topic 20: Overview of Insurance Law
The following is the full verbatim text of Topic 20, "Overview of Insurance Law", from the 2026 Commercial and Economic Law Systematic Lecture Series by Yan Mengxuan (pp. 159–162):
Lecture 6: Insurance Law
┌─ Parties: policyholder, insurer
┌─ Parties to and persons ──┤
│ related to the insurance contract └─ Related persons: insured, beneficiary (unique to life insurance contracts) ── Topic 20
│
├─ Handling of conflicts in the content of the insurance contract: signing on behalf of the policyholder, completing the application form on the policyholder's behalf, conflicts between clauses, etc. ────────────── Topic 20
│
│ ┌─ The policyholder's duty of disclosure
├─ Formation of the insurance contract ───┼─ The principle of insurable interest: note the difference between life insurance contracts and property insurance contracts
│ ├─ The insurer's duty of explanation
┌─ The insurance contract ─┤ └─ Suspension and reinstatement of the insurance contract (life insurance contracts only) ── Topics 21, 22
│ │
│ └─ Termination of the insurance contract ───┬─ Voluntary termination by the policyholder: note the "right of redemption upon termination" unique to life insurance contracts
│ └─ Statutory termination by the insurer
│
Insurance Law
│ ┌─ Beneficiary: designation, change, unclear agreement, etc.
│ ├─ Error in age: pay particular attention to the circumstances in which the contract may not be terminated
│ ├─ Death insurance
│ ┌─ Life insurance ─────────┼─ Medical expenses insurance of the expense-compensation type ──────────────── Topic 21
│ │ ├─ Insurance accidents caused by the intentional commission of a crime
│ │ ├─ Suicide by the insured: distinguish within 2 years and after 2 years, and note the burden of proof
└─ Insurance claims and ──┤ └─ Rules on payment of insurance proceeds: where there is a beneficiary, payment is made to the beneficiary;
special insurance │ where there is no beneficiary, the proceeds form part of the insured's estate
accidents │
handling │ ┌─ Rules on claims
└─ Property insurance ─────────┼─ Changes in the subject matter of insurance: increase or decrease in the degree of danger, etc. ── Topic 22
├─ Double insurance
├─ Liability insurance
└─ Insurance accidents caused by a third party: rules on the right of subrogation
Topic 20 Overview of Insurance Law
Knowledge Point 142 The Concept and Characteristics of Insurance
1. The concept of insurance
"Insurance" as referred to in the Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China means a commercial insurance act whereby a policyholder, in accordance with the contract, pays an insurance premium to an insurer, and the insurer assumes liability to pay insurance proceeds in compensation for property loss caused by the occurrence of a possible accident agreed in the contract, or to pay insurance proceeds when the insured dies, becomes disabled, suffers disease, or reaches the age or term agreed in the contract.
2. Characteristics of insurance
(1) Mutual assistance. The majority of policyholders, by paying insurance premiums, enable the insurer to establish an insurance fund, out of which compensation is paid to insured persons who have suffered loss as a result of the occurrence of an insurance accident.
(2) Compensatory nature. The policyholder pays an insurance premium, and when an insurance accident occurs in the future, the insurer compensates the loss arising from the accident.
(3) Aleatory nature. The policyholder's obligation to pay the insurance premium is certain, whereas whether the insurer will assume liability to pay compensation or insurance proceeds is uncertain.
(4) Voluntary nature. A commercial insurance relationship arises through the conclusion of an insurance contract between the policyholder and the insurer.
[Common Mistakes]
❶ Unlike the provisions of the Social Insurance Law, "social insurance" is compulsory insurance, and workers and employers must participate in it;
❷ "Voluntary nature" does not mean that the parties to the insurance may freely decide the scope of insurance and the premium rates.
3. Main principles of insurance law
(1) The principle of insurable interest (see below in detail)
Insurable interest means the interest, recognised by law, that the policyholder or the insured has in the subject matter of insurance.
The fundamental purpose of the principle of insurable interest is to prevent the occurrence of moral hazard, to prohibit the use of insurance as an instrument of gambling, and to prevent the realisation of an intention to induce an insurance accident for profit.
[Expert's Note] [Common Mistakes] This principle is not intended to effectively compensate the policyholder for his losses.
(2) The principle of utmost good faith
The principle of utmost good faith means that the parties to insurance activities shall follow the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.
(3) The proximate cause principle
The proximate cause principle means that, in a given insurance accident, where the principal, decisive cause (the proximate cause) falls within the scope of insurance liability, the insurer shall bear insurance liability.
Knowledge Point 143 Overview of the Insurance Contract
1. The concept of an insurance contract
(1) An insurance contract means an agreement between the policyholder and the insurer on their insurance rights and obligations;
(2) Where the policyholder proposes a requirement for insurance and the insurer agrees to underwrite it, the insurance contract is formed.
[Expert's Note] [Common Mistakes] "Payment of the insurance premium" is not a requirement for the formation of an insurance contract.
2. Parties to the insurance contract
(1) The policyholder means a person who enters into an insurance contract with the insurer and is obliged, in accordance with the contract, to pay the insurance premium;
(2) The insurer means an insurance company that enters into an insurance contract with the policyholder and assumes liability, in accordance with the contract, to pay compensation or insurance proceeds.
3. Related persons under the insurance contract
(1) The insured means a person whose property or person is protected by the insurance contract and who enjoys the right to claim insurance proceeds;
(2) The beneficiary means a person designated by the insured or the policyholder in a life insurance contract who enjoys the right to claim insurance proceeds. (Life insurance)
4. Insurance agent
(1) An insurance agent means an institution or individual that, upon the authorisation of the insurer, collects a commission from the insurer and handles insurance business on behalf of the insurer within the scope of the insurer's authorisation; (a relationship of agency by mandate)
(2) Acts of an insurance agent in handling insurance business on behalf of the insurer under the insurer's authorisation are borne by the insurer;
(3) An individual insurance agent, when handling life insurance business on behalf of an insurer, shall not simultaneously accept the authorisation of 2 or more insurers.
5. Insurance broker
(1) An insurance broker means an institution that, based on the interests of the policyholder, provides intermediary services for the policyholder and the insurer to enter into an insurance contract, and lawfully collects a commission;
(2) Where an insurance broker causes loss to the policyholder or the insured through its fault, it shall bear liability for compensation in accordance with the law.
[Note]
May be an institution + an individual ─────────→ Insurance agent Insurance broker ─────────→ May only be an institution
Liability borne by the insurer Bears liability itself
Knowledge Point 144 Handling of Conflicts in the Content of the Insurance Contract★★
| Matter | Content |
| Disputes over "signing on behalf of the policyholder" | (1) Where the policyholder or its agent, when entering into an insurance contract, does not personally sign or affix his seal, but the insurer or its agent signs or affixes a seal on his behalf, it has no effect on the policyholder; (2) Where the policyholder has already paid the insurance premium, it is deemed to be his ratification of the act of signing or affixing a seal on his behalf. |
| Disputes over "completing the application form on the policyholder's behalf" | Where the insurer or its agent completes the insurance application documents on behalf of the policyholder and the policyholder signs or affixes his seal to confirm them, the contents so completed are deemed to be the true expression of intent of the policyholder. |
| Insurance accident occurring during the contract review period | Where the insurer has accepted the application form submitted by the policyholder and collected the insurance premium, but has not yet expressed whether it will underwrite the risk, and an insurance accident occurs, and the insured or the beneficiary requests the insurer to bear liability for compensation or payment of insurance proceeds in accordance with the insurance contract: (1) If the conditions for underwriting are met, the insurer shall bear insurance liability; (2) If the conditions for underwriting are not met, the insurer shall not bear insurance liability, but shall refund the insurance premium already collected; (3) Where the insurer asserts that the conditions for underwriting are not met, it shall bear the burden of proof. |
| Inconsistency between the application form and the insurance policy or other insurance certificate | (1) In principle, the application form shall prevail; (2) Where such inconsistency results from the insurer's explanation and the policyholder's consent, the contents stated in the insurance policy or other insurance certificate signed for by the policyholder shall prevail. |
| Disputes over standard (form) terms | (1) They shall be interpreted in accordance with their ordinary understanding; (2) They shall be interpreted in favour of the insured and the beneficiary; (3) Where the insurer's interpretation, in the standard (form) terms of the insurance contract provided by it, of a non-insurance term accords with its professional meaning, or, though it does not accord with its professional meaning, is favourable to the policyholder, the insured, or the beneficiary, the court shall uphold it. |
[In-Class Quiz]
Company A insured its property with Company B, an insurance company. Because Company A needed to apply for a loan from a bank, Company B, on Company A's instruction, delivered the insurance policy directly to the bank. Which of the following statements is correct? (2013/3/34)〔1〕
A. Because the insurance policy was not delivered to Company A, the insurance contract is not formed
B. If the contents of the insurance policy are inconsistent with those of the application form, the application form shall prevail
C. When Company B agrees to underwrite the risk, the insurance contract is formed
D. If Company A has not paid the insurance premium, the insurance contract is not formed
To you who are striving
If you do not take the first step,
You will never know how easily your dream can be realised.
〔1〕 C (Answer to the in-class quiz for Knowledge Point 144)