专题7《公司的组织机构》
以下为《2026商经法鄢梦萱系统精讲》中专题7《公司的组织机构》的全部逐字原文内容：
专题7《公司的组织机构》
公司的组织机构基本构成包括股东会、董事会、监事会，在特殊情况下，有限责任公司可以不设董事会和监事会。
一、组织机构的职权（两类公司规定相同）
股东会由全体股东组成。股东会是公司的权力机构，依照《公司法》行使职权。 董事会是执行机构，负责执行股东会的决议。 监事会履行监督职责，负责对董事会的事务执行监督。
知识点 049 股东会、董事会、监事会的职权
| 项目 | 董事会 | 监事会 | 股东会 |
| 和股东会的关系 | (1) 召集股东会会议，并向股东会报告工作； (2) 执行股东会的决议。 | (1) 提议召开临时股东会会议，在董事会不履行《公司法》规定的召集和主持股东会会议职责时召集和主持股东会会议； (2) 向股东会会议提出提案。 | — |
| 人事方面 | (1) 决定聘任或者解聘公司经理及其报酬事项； (2) 根据经理的提名决定聘任或者解聘公司副经理、财务负责人及其报酬事项。 | (1) 无人员决定权； (2) 对董事、高级管理人员执行职务的行为进行监督； (3) 对违反法律、行政法规、公司章程或者股东会决议的董事、高级管理人员提出解聘的建议； (4) 当董事、高级管理人员的行为损害公司的利益时，要求董事、高级管理人员予以纠正。 | (1) 选举和更换董事、监事，决定有关董事、监事的报酬事项； (2) 审议批准董事会、监事会的报告。 |
| 财务方面 | (1) 制订公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案； (2) 制订公司增加或者减少注册资本以及发行公司债券的方案。 | 检查公司财务。（无决定权） | (1) 审议批准公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案； (2) 对公司增加或者减少注册资本作出决议； (3) 对发行公司债券作出决议。 |
| 经营方面 | (1) 具有经营决策权：①决定公司的经营计划和投资方案；②决定公司内部管理机构的设置；③制定公司的基本管理制度。 (2) 有权制订重大事项的方案：制订公司合并、分立、解散或者变更公司形式的方案。 | (1) 无经营决策权。 (2) 不是公司的法定代表人，无直接作出决议的权力。但是，可根据《公司法》第189条第1款的规定，对董事、高级管理人员提起诉讼。（即股东代表诉讼的前置程序） | (1) 无经营决策权。 (2) 具有对重大事项的决策权：①对公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者变更公司形式作出决议；②修改公司章程；③公司章程规定的其他职权。 |
【提示】
1. 对股东会职权范围内的事项，股东以书面形式一致表示同意的，可以不召开股东会会议，直接作出决定，并由全体股东在决定文件上签名或者盖章。
2. 一人公司的股东作出股东会职权范围内事项的决定时，应当采用书面形式，并由股东签名或者盖章后置备于公司。
【随堂小测】 大翔为公司唯一的董事。在章程无特别规定的情形下，他是否有权决定聘任A为公司总经理？ 答：有权。“唯一的董事”说明公司无董事会，该董事有权行使董事会的职权，故大翔可决定聘任高管。
二、会议的召集程序、表决规则（两类公司有差别）
知识点 050 股东会会议的召集程序★★
| 项目 | 有限责任公司 | 股份有限公司 |
| 会议类型 | 首次会议：由出资最多的股东召集和主持，依照《公司法》规定行使职权。 定期会议：按照公司章程的规定按时召开。 临时会议：下列主体有权提议召开临时会议： (1) 代表1/10以上表决权的股东； (2) 1/3以上的董事； (3) 监事会。 | 首次会议：无“首次会议”的概念。 定期会议：股东年会应当每年召开1次。 临时会议：有下列情形之一的，应当在2个月内召开临时股东会会议： ①董事人数不足《公司法》规定人数（3人）或者公司章程所定人数的2/3时； ②公司未弥补的亏损达股本总额1/3时； ③单独或者合计持有公司10%以上股份的股东请求时； ④董事会认为必要时； ⑤监事会提议召开时； ⑥公司章程规定的其他情形。 |
| 通知程序 | (1) 召开股东会会议，应当于会议召开15日前通知全体股东； (2) 公司章程另有规定或者全体股东另有约定的除外； (3) 不得对通知中未列明的事项作出决议。 | (1) 股东年会：应当将会议召开的时间、地点和审议的事项于会议召开20日前通知各股东； (2) 临时股东会会议：应当于会议召开15日前通知各股东； (3) 不得对通知中未列明的事项作出决议； (4) 股东可以提出临时提案。（详见下文“知识点 051”） |
| 召开会议不可诉 | 当事人请求判令公司召开股东会、董事会的：①法院应当告知其按照《公司法》规定的程序自行召开；②坚持起诉的，法院不予受理。 | |
| 召集、主持规则 | [第一步] 董事会：(1) 股东会会议由董事会召集，董事长主持；(2) 董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由副董事长主持；(3) 副董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由过半数的董事共同推举1名董事主持。 [第二步] 监事会：董事会不能履行或者不履行召集股东会会议职责的，监事会应当及时召集和主持。 [第三步] 股东：监事会不召集和主持的，代表1/10以上表决权的股东可以自行召集和主持。 | [第一步] 董事会：（同左） [第二步] 监事会：（同左） [第三步] 股东：监事会不召集和主持的，连续90日以上单独或者合计持有公司10%以上股份的股东可以自行召集和主持。 |
[例] 萱草股份有限公司章程规定，董事人数为12人，实际董事人数为8人。此时不需要召开临时股东会会议。“不足”不包含本数，少于8人的才需要召开临时股东会会议。
知识点 051 （股份有限公司）股东临时提案★★
1. 股东资格 (1) 股份有限公司单独或者合计持有公司1%以上股份的股东； 【萱站点睛】有限责任公司股东是否享有该项权利，《公司法》中没有规定，具体事项交由公司章程规定。 (2) 公司不得提高提出临时提案股东的持股比例。
2. 内容 (1) 临时提案应当有明确议题和具体决议事项； (2) 临时提案不得违反法律、行政法规或者公司章程的规定，不得超出股东会职权范围。
3. 时间 (1) 上述股东可以在股东会会议召开10日前提出临时提案并书面提交董事会； (2) 董事会应当在收到提案后2日内通知其他股东，并将该临时提案提交股东会审议。
知识点 052 股东会会议的决议规则★★★
决议规则，是指在股东会讨论某一议案时，确定何种情况为议案通过，何种情况为未通过的规则。
| 项目 | 有限责任公司 | 股份有限公司 |
| 表决方式 | (1) 股东会会议由股东按照出资比例行使表决权；但是，公司章程另有规定的除外。 (2) 股东认缴出资，代表2/3以上表决权的股东作出按实际出资比例等其他标准确定表决权比例的决议，股东请求确认决议无效的，法院不予支持。 | (1) 股东出席股东会会议，所持每一股份有一表决权，类别股股东除外； (2) 公司持有的本公司股份没有表决权； (3) 股东会选举董事、监事，可以按照公司章程的规定或者股东会的决议，实行累积投票制〔1〕。 |
| 有效表决决 | 一般事项：股东会作出决议，应当经代表过半数表决权的股东通过。 重大事项：股东会作出修改公司章程、增加或者减少注册资本的决议，以及公司合并、分立、解散或者变更公司形式的决议，应当经代表2/3以上表决权的股东通过。 记忆：“章程资本分合散，变更形式667”。 | 一般事项：股东会作出决议，应当经出席会议的股东所持表决权过半数通过。 重大事项：股东会作出修改公司章程、增加或者减少注册资本的决议，以及公司合并、分立、解散或者变更公司形式的决议，应当经出席会议的股东所持表决权的2/3以上通过。 |
| 委托代理人 | 无 | 股东委托代理人出席股东会会议的，应当明确代理人代理的事项、权限和期限。代理人在授权范围内行使表决权。 |
| 会议记录 | (1) 股东会、董事会、监事会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的股东、董事、监事应当在会议记录上签名； (2) 股东会、董事会、监事会召开会议和表决可以采用电子通信方式，公司章程另有规定的除外。 |
〔1〕 累积投票制，是指股东会选举董事或者监事时，每一股份拥有与应选董事或者监事人数相同的表决权，股东拥有的表决权可以集中使用。
知识点 053 董事会和监事会的召集程序、决议规则★
1. 董事会
| 项目 | 有限责任公司 | 股份有限公司 |
| 召开时间、临时董事会会议 | 无 | (1) 每年至少召开2次会议，每次会议应当于会议召开10日前通知全体董事和监事； (2) 代表1/10以上表决权的股东、1/3以上董事或者监事会，可以提议召开临时董事会会议。 |
| 召集程序 | (1) 董事会会议由董事长召集和主持； (2) 董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由副董事长召集和主持；副董事长不能履行职务或者不履行职务的，由过半数的董事共同推举1名董事召集和主持。 | |
| 议事方式和表决程序 | 其他议事方式和表决程序，由公司章程规定。 | (1) 董事会会议应当有过半数的董事出席方可举行； (2) 董事会作出决议，应当经全体董事的过半数通过；（见随堂小测 1） (3) 董事会决议的表决，应当一人一票； (4) 董事会应当对所议事项的决定作成会议记录，出席会议的董事应当在会议记录上签名。 (5) 董事会会议，应当由董事本人出席；董事因故不能出席，可以书面委托其他董事代为出席，委托书应当载明授权范围。 |
| 董事责任 | 无 | (1) 董事应当对董事会的决议承担责任； (2) 董事会的决议违反法律、行政法规或者公司章程、股东会决议，给公司造成严重损失的，参与决议的董事对公司负赔偿责任； (3) 经证明在表决时曾表明异议并记载于会议记录的，该董事可以免除责任。（见随堂小测 2） |
1. 监事会
| 项目 | 有限责任公司 | 股份有限公司 |
| 召开时间 | 监事会每年度至少召开1次会议。 | 监事会每6个月至少召开1次会议。 |
| 召集、主持规则 | （略） | |
| 表决规则 | (1) 监事会决议的表决，应当一人一票； (2) 监事会决议应当经全体监事的过半数通过。 |
【随堂小测】
1. 公司董事会共有10人，这次董事会会议共有6人出席。现有4人通过变更总经理小栗的决议。 问：该董事会决议是否成立？ 答：决议不成立。该决议须经全体董事的过半数即6人通过才有效，而本次表决未达最低表决要求，决议不成立。
2. 董事会提出将公司资金放在刘某的个人账户用于购买股票，董事翔叔是个老好人，觉得不妥但投了弃权票。现该决议给公司造成了巨大损失。 问：翔叔可否免于对公司承担赔偿责任？ 答：不可免除。投弃权票不可免责。法律要求“表明异议”，意味着投“反对票”才可免责。
三、董事会、监事会的组成、任期以及审计委员会
知识点 054 董事会、监事会的组成★★★
| 项目 | 有限责任公司 | 股份有限公司 |
| 人数 | 董事会： (1) 董事会成员为3人以上。 (2) 规模较小或者股东人数较少的有限责任公司，可以不设董事会，设1名董事，行使董事会的职权（无董事长）；该董事可以兼任公司经理。 监事会： (1) 监事会成员为3人以上。董事、高级管理人员不得兼任监事。 (2) 规模较小或者股东人数较少的有限责任公司，可以不设监事会，设1名监事，行使监事会的职权；经全体股东一致同意，也可以不设监事。 (3) 可以按照公司章程的规定在董事会中设置由董事组成的审计委员会，行使监事会的职权，不设监事会或者监事。 | 董事会：同左列规则。 监事会： (1) 规模较小或者股东人数较少的股份有限公司，可以不设监事会，设1名监事，行使监事会的职权； (2) 其他规定相同。 |
| 职工代表 | 董事会： (1) 一般规模公司：董事会成员中可以有公司职工代表。 (2) 大规模公司：职工人数300人以上的有限责任公司，其董事会成员中应当有公司职工代表；职工代表由公司职工通过职工代表大会、职工大会或者其他形式民主选举产生。 监事会： (1) 股东代表+职工代表； (2) 职工代表的比例不得低于1/3，具体比例由公司章程规定； (3) 职工代表由公司职工通过职工代表大会、职工大会或者其他形式民主选举产生。 | 董事会：同左列规则。 监事会：同左列规则。 |
| 董事长/监事会主席 | 董事长： (1) 董事会设董事长1人，可以设副董事长； (2) 董事长、副董事长的产生办法由公司章程规定。 监事会主席： 监事会设主席1人，由全体监事过半数选举产生。 | 董事长： 董事长和副董事长由董事会以全体董事的过半数选举产生。 监事会主席： 监事会设主席1人，可以设副主席。 |
知识点 055 审计委员会★★★
| 项目 | 有限责任公司 | 股份有限公司 |
| 组成 | (1) 可以按照公司章程的规定在董事会中设置审计委员会，行使监事会的职权，不设监事会或者监事。 (2) 审计委员会由董事组成；审计委员会中的职工代表可以成为审计委员会成员。 | |
| 人数、任职禁止 | 无审计委员会人数、任职禁止的规定。 | 审计委员会成员为3人以上，过半数成员不得在公司担任除董事以外的其他职务，且不得与公司存在任何可能影响其独立客观判断的关系。 |
| 表决 | 法律对于审计委员会决议的表决无规定，交由公司章程规定。 | (1) 审计委员会决议的表决，应当一人一票； (2) 作出决议，应当经审计委员会成员的过半数通过。 |
知识点 056 任期和辞任（两类公司规定相同）★★★
1. 董事、监事的任期 (1) 董事任期由公司章程规定，但每届任期不得超过3年；监事的任期每届为3年。 【萱站点睛】【易错】董事每届任期≤3年；监事每届任期=3年。 (2) 董事、监事任期届满，均连选可以连任。
2. 原董事履职情形（监事规定相同） 《公司法》第70条第2款 董事任期届满未及时改选，或者董事在任期内辞任导致董事会成员低于法定人数的，在改选出的董事就任前，原董事仍应当依照法律、行政法规和公司章程的规定，履行董事职务。
| 情形 | 要点 | 内容 | 举例 |
| 情形1 | 到期+新人到位=要履职 | 董事（监事）任期届满未及时改选的，在改选出的董事（监事）就任前，原董事（监事）仍应当依照法律、行政法规和公司章程的规定，履行董事（监事）职务。 | [例1] 甲公司董事会成员共有3人（董事会最少为3人）。若董事魏某在任期内辞职，则在新董事就任前，魏某还需履职。 |
| 情形2 | 到期前+低于法定人数+新人到位=要履职 | 董事（监事）在任期内辞任导致董事会（监事会）成员低于法定人数的，在改选出的董事（监事）就任前，原董事（监事）仍应当依照法律、行政法规和公司章程的规定，履行董事（监事）职务。 | [例2] 乙公司董事会成员共有11人。若董事张某在任期内辞职，此时董事还剩10人，则张某辞职走人，无需履职。 |
1. 董事辞任 (1) 董事辞任的，应当以书面形式通知公司，公司收到通知之日辞任生效。但在任期内辞任导致董事会成员低于法定人数的，在改选出的董事就任前，董事应当继续履行职务。 (2) 担任法定代表人的董事辞任的，视为同时辞去法定代表人。 (3) 法定代表人辞任的，公司应当在法定代表人辞任之日起30日内确定新的法定代表人。
2. 董事职务可被“无因解除” (1) 股东会可以决议解聘董事，决议作出之日解聘生效； (2) 无正当理由，在任期届满前解聘董事的，该董事可以要求公司予以赔偿； (3) 董事职务被解除后，因补偿与公司发生纠纷提起诉讼的，法院应当综合考虑解除的原因、剩余任期、董事薪酬等因素，确定是否补偿以及补偿的合理数额。
【原理】 理论上认为，股东会与董事之间为“委托关系”，合同双方均有任意解除权，即股东会可以随时解除董事职务；无论任期是否届满，董事也可以随时辞职。（委托合同-双方同权）
【经典案例】 甲、乙于2017年11月11日向萱草公司提交了关于辞去董事职务的辞职书，辞职书中均有“望公司批准”的字样，董事长丙在公司大事纪要中确认收到了两份辞职书。在此后2年多的时间内，萱草公司未召开股东会，未讨论董事辞职事项，未进行工商变更登记，也未增选董事。2020年3月3日，甲、乙以“公司已经2年多年没有召开股东会和董事会，并鉴于丙不能履行或不履行董事长职务，给公司生产经营造成了很大损害”为由，提议召集董事会，罢免丙的董事长职务。 问：该次董事会决议效力如何？ 答：决议可撤销。公司和董事之间属于委托关系，自公司收到董事辞职通知之日起，辞职发生法律效力。故本案中，甲、乙无权提议召集董事会，该次会议召集程序不合法，决议可撤销。
四、上市公司组织机构的特别规定
上市公司，是指其股票在证券交易所上市交易的股份有限公司。
知识点 057 独立董事★
1. 概念 独立董事，是指不在上市公司担任除董事外的其他职务，并与其所受聘的上市公司及其主要股东、实际控制人不存在直接或者间接利害关系，或者其他可能影响其进行独立客观判断关系的董事。
2. 具体要求 (1) 独立董事原则上最多在3家境内上市公司担任独立董事，并应当确保有足够的时间和精力有效地履行独立董事的职责； (2) 上市公司独立董事占董事会成员的比例不得低于1/3，且至少包括1名会计专业人士； (3) 独立董事每届任期与上市公司其他董事任期相同，任期届满，可以连选连任，但连续任职不得超过6年； (4) 独立董事连续2次未能亲自出席董事会会议，也不委托其他独立董事代为出席的，董事会应当自该事实发生之日起30日内提议召开股东会解除该独立董事职务。
知识点 058 审计委员会、董事会秘书★
1. 审计委员会的职责 上市公司在董事会中设置审计委员会的，董事会对下列事项作出决议前应当经审计委员会全体成员过半数通过：
2. 董事会秘书的职责 上市公司设董事会秘书，履行下列职责： (1) 负责公司股东会和董事会会议的筹备； (2) 负责文件保管以及公司股东资料的管理； (3) 办理信息披露事务等事宜。
知识点 059 上市公司的特殊规则★
1. 利害关系董事表决权排除
[例] A上市公司（以下简称“A公司”）准备就向B公司投资之事召开董事会，A公司董事孙某的妻子吴某在B公司任副董事长。则孙某与A公司决议事项所涉及的B公司有关联关系，不应参加A公司董事会的表决。
1. 特别表决权 上市公司在1年内购买、出售重大资产或者向他人提供担保的金额超过公司资产总额30%的，应当由股东会作出决议，并经出席会议的股东所持表决权的2/3以上通过。
2. 禁止代持股份 (1) 上市公司应当依法披露股东、实际控制人的信息，相关信息应当真实、准确、完整； (2) 禁止违反法律、行政法规的规定代持上市公司股票。 【提示】前文已知，当事人约定代持上市公司股票，违反法律、行政法规的禁止性规定，或者违反信息披露等国家监管规定影响证券市场秩序的，人民法院应当认定股权代持合同无效。
3. 禁止和控股子公司交叉持股 (1) 上市公司控股子公司不得取得该上市公司的股份； (2) 上市公司控股子公司因公司合并、质权行使等原因持有上市公司的股份的，不得行使所持股份对应的表决权，并应当及时处分相关上市公司股份。
07 常考角度总结 SUMMARIZE
1. 有权责任公司治理结构的合法性。 (1) 判断董事会成员中是否应当有职工代表；（职工人数300人以上） (2) 监事会成员中均应当有职工代表； (3) 掌握不设监事会的若干情形。
2. 董事辞任的，无需公司批准；股东会可无因解除董事职务。
3. 审计委员会。（若董事会中设置审计委员会，则不设监事会或者监事）
4. 股东临时提案权。（股份有限公司）
5. 加强对上市公司的监管。 (1) 禁止代持上市公司股票； (2) 禁止和控股子公司交叉持股； (3) 关于财务和审计工作，增加审计委员会的前置件决议程序。
专题8《国家出资公司组织机构特别规定》
以下为《2026商经法鄢梦萱系统精讲》中专题8《国家出资公司组织机构的特别规定》的全部逐字原文内容：
专题8《国家出资公司组织机构的特别规定》
知识点 060 国家出资公司的概念和类型、组织机构的共同规则★
1. 概念和类型 国家出资公司，是指国家出资的国有独资公司、国有资本控股公司，包括国家出资的有限责任公司、股份有限公司。 (1) 国有独资公司，即国家单独出资的公司； (2) 国有资本控股公司，即包含国家出资和其他主体出资，但国家出资占有控股地位的公司。
2. 组织机构的共同规则 (1) 履行出资人职责的机构，代表本级人民政府履行出资人职责的机构、部门； (2) 国家出资公司中中国共产党的组织，按照中国共产党章程的规定发挥领导作用，研究讨论公司重大经营管理事项，支持公司的组织机构依法行使职权； (3) 国家出资公司应当依法建立健全内部监督管理和风险控制制度，加强内部合规管理。
知识点 061 国有独资公司组织机构的特殊规则★★
1. 不设股东会 (1) 国有独资公司不设股东会，由履行出资人职责的机构行使股东会职权； (2) 履行出资人职责的机构可以授权公司董事会行使股东会的部分职权，但公司章程的制定和修改，公司的合并、分立、解散、申请破产，增加或者减少注册资本，分配利润，应当由履行出资人职责的机构决定。
2. 可以不设监事会 国有独资公司在董事会中设置由董事组成的审计委员会行使《公司法》规定的监事会职权的，不设监事会或者监事。
3. 董事会 (1) 国有独资公司的董事会成员中，应当过半数为外部董事，并应当有公司职工代表。 (2) 董事会成员由履行出资人职责的机构委派；但是，董事会成员中的职工代表由公司职工代表大会选举产生。 【萱站点睛/易错】不是由“董事选举”董事长或由“章程”规定董事长的产生办法。 (3) 董事会设董事长1人，可以设副董事长。董事长、副董事长由履行出资人职责的机构从董事会成员中指定。 (4) 国有独资公司的经理由董事会聘任或者解聘。经履行出资人职责的机构同意，董事会成员可以兼任经理。 (5) 国有独资公司的董事、高级管理人员，未经履行出资人职责的机构同意，不得在其他有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他经济组织兼任。
专题7《公司的组织机构》
专题7《公司的组织机构》
考点 24 股东会、董事会、监事会的职权
第1题 钱某为益扬有限公司的董事，赵某为公司的职工代表监事。公司为钱某、赵某支出的下列哪项费用须经公司股东会批准？(2015/3/68 改编-单)
A 钱某的年薪
B 钱某的董事责任保险费
C 赵某履行监事职责报销的差旅费
D 赵某的社会保险费
第2题 茂森股份公司效益一直不错，为提升公司治理现代化水平，增强市场竞争力并顺利上市，公司决定重金聘请知名职业经理人王某担任总经理。对此，下列哪些选项是正确的？(2017/3/71-多)
A 对王某的聘任以及具体的薪酬，由茂森公司董事会决定
B 王某受聘总经理后，就其职权范围内的事项，有权以茂森公司名义对外签订合同
C 王某受聘总经理后，有权决定聘请其好友田某担任茂森公司的财务总监
D 王某受聘总经理后，公司一旦发现其不称职，可通过股东会决议将其解聘
考点 25 董事会、监事会组成、任期和辞任
第3题 萱草有限责任公司董事会有甲、乙、丙三人。乙提出辞职，但是股东会不同意。被拒后，乙一直未到公司工作。丙因为管理无能被股东会决议罢免，并委派丁取代丙的董事职务。对此，下列哪些说法是正确的？(2021-回忆版-多)
A 股东会的决议不影响乙辞职的法律效力
B 乙因辞职有权不再履行董事职务
C 股东会罢免丙的决议自作出即生效
D 萱草公司仍要支付丙任期内剩余年限的薪酬
考点 26 独立董事（上市公司组织机构的特别规定）
第4题 星煌公司是一家上市公司。现董事长吴某就星煌公司向坤诚公司的投资之事准备召开董事会。因公司资金比较紧张，且其中一名董事梁某的妻子又在坤诚公司担任副董事长，有部分董事对此投资事宜表示异议。关于本案，下列哪些选项是正确的？(2016/3/71-多)
A 梁某不应参加董事会表决
B 吴某可代理梁某在董事会上表决
C 若参加董事会人数不足，则应提交股东会审议
D 星煌公司不能投资于坤诚公司
专题8《国家出资公司组织机构特别规定》
专题8《国家出资公司组织机构的特别规定》
考点 27 国有独资公司的组织机构
第5题 甲公司是国有独资公司。根据《公司法》的规定，关于甲公司，下列说法正确的是：(2024-回忆版-多)
A 甲公司章程由履行出资人职责的机构修改
B 修改后的甲公司章程可以规定把修改章程的权利授予董事会
C 修改后的甲公司章程可以规定不设监事会，在董事会中设立审计委员会
D 甲公司必须设立股东会
【English Version】
Commercial and Economic Law
Topic 7: The Organs of the Company
The following is the full verbatim text of Topic 7, "The Organs of the Company", from the 2026 Commercial and Economic Law — Yan Mengxuan Systematic Intensive Lecture:
Topic 7: The Organs of the Company
The basic composition of a company's organs comprises the shareholders' meeting, the board of directors, and the board of supervisors. In special circumstances, a limited liability company may have neither a board of directors nor a board of supervisors.
I. Powers of the Organs (the Rules Are the Same for Both Types of Company)
The shareholders' meeting is composed of all the shareholders. The shareholders' meeting is the company's organ of power, and it exercises its powers in accordance with the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. The board of directors is the executive organ, responsible for implementing the resolutions of the shareholders' meeting. The board of supervisors performs supervisory functions, being responsible for supervising the board of directors' conduct of the company's affairs.
Key Point 049: Powers of the Shareholders' Meeting, the Board of Directors, and the Board of Supervisors
| Item | Board of Directors | Board of Supervisors | Shareholders' Meeting |
| Relationship with the Shareholders' Meeting | (1) Convene meetings of the shareholders' meeting and report on its work to the shareholders' meeting; (2) Implement the resolutions of the shareholders' meeting. | (1) Propose the convening of an extraordinary meeting of the shareholders' meeting, and convene and preside over a meeting of the shareholders' meeting where the board of directors fails to perform its duty under the Company Law to convene and preside over such a meeting; (2) Submit proposals to a meeting of the shareholders' meeting. | — |
| Personnel Matters | (1) Decide on the appointment or removal of the company's manager and on matters relating to the manager's remuneration; (2) On the nomination of the manager, decide on the appointment or removal of the company's deputy managers and the person in charge of finance, and on matters relating to their remuneration. | (1) Has no power to decide on personnel matters; (2) Supervise the conduct of directors and senior officers in the performance of their duties; (3) Propose the removal of directors or senior officers who violate laws, administrative regulations, the articles of association, or resolutions of the shareholders' meeting; (4) Where the conduct of a director or senior officer harms the interests of the company, require the director or senior officer to rectify such conduct. | (1) Elect and replace directors and supervisors, and decide on matters relating to the remuneration of directors and supervisors; (2) Examine and approve the reports of the board of directors and the board of supervisors. |
| Financial Matters | (1) Formulate the company's profit distribution plan and plan for making up losses; (2) Formulate plans for increasing or reducing the company's registered capital and for issuing corporate bonds. | Examine the company's finances. (Has no power of decision.) | (1) Examine and approve the company's profit distribution plan and plan for making up losses; (2) Adopt resolutions on increasing or reducing the company's registered capital; (3) Adopt resolutions on issuing corporate bonds. |
| Business Matters | (1) Has the power to make business decisions: ① decide on the company's business plans and investment plans; ② decide on the establishment of the company's internal management bodies; ③ formulate the company's basic management rules. (2) Has the power to formulate plans on major matters: formulate plans for the merger, division, dissolution, or change of the form of the company. | (1) Has no power to make business decisions. (2) Is not the company's legal representative and has no power to adopt resolutions directly. However, it may, in accordance with Article 189, Paragraph 1 of the Company Law, bring an action against directors or senior officers. (That is, the preliminary procedure for a shareholder derivative action.) | (1) Has no power to make business decisions. (2) Has the power to decide on major matters: ① adopt resolutions on the merger, division, dissolution, or liquidation of the company, or on a change in the form of the company; ② amend the articles of association; ③ exercise other powers prescribed by the articles of association. |
[Note]
1. As regards matters within the scope of the shareholders' meeting's powers, where the shareholders unanimously express their consent in writing, a meeting of the shareholders' meeting need not be convened; a decision may be made directly, and all shareholders shall sign or affix their seals to the decision document.
2. Where the shareholder of a one-person company makes a decision on a matter within the scope of the shareholders' meeting's powers, the decision shall be made in written form, and shall be kept at the company after being signed or sealed by the shareholder.
[In-Class Quiz] Da Xiang is the company's sole director. Where the articles of association contain no special provision, is he entitled to decide to appoint A as the company's general manager? Answer: Yes. "The sole director" means that the company has no board of directors, and that director is entitled to exercise the powers of the board of directors; therefore Da Xiang may decide to appoint a senior officer.
II. Procedures for Convening Meetings and Rules on Voting (Which Differ Between the Two Types of Company)
Key Point 050: Procedures for Convening Meetings of the Shareholders' Meeting ★★
| Item | Limited Liability Company | Joint Stock Limited Company |
| Types of Meeting | First meeting: Convened and presided over by the shareholder who has made the largest capital contribution, exercising its powers in accordance with the Company Law. Regular meetings: Convened on time in accordance with the articles of association. Extraordinary meetings: The following persons are entitled to propose the convening of an extraordinary meeting: (1) shareholders representing 1/10 or more of the voting rights; (2) 1/3 or more of the directors; (3) the board of supervisors. | First meeting: There is no concept of a "first meeting". Regular meetings: The annual meeting of shareholders shall be convened once every year. Extraordinary meetings: Where any of the following circumstances arises, an extraordinary meeting of the shareholders' meeting shall be convened within two months: ① the number of directors is less than the number prescribed by the Company Law (3 persons) or less than two-thirds of the number prescribed by the articles of association; ② the company's unrecovered losses amount to one-third of its total share capital; ③ a shareholder who, alone or together with others, holds 10% or more of the company's shares so requests; ④ the board of directors considers it necessary; ⑤ the board of supervisors proposes that it be convened; ⑥ any other circumstance prescribed by the articles of association. |
| Notice Procedure | (1) A meeting of the shareholders' meeting shall be notified to all shareholders 15 days before the meeting is held; (2) Except where the articles of association provide otherwise or all shareholders have agreed otherwise; (3) No resolution may be adopted on a matter not listed in the notice. | (1) Annual meeting of shareholders: the time, place, and matters to be considered at the meeting shall be notified to each shareholder 20 days before the meeting is held; (2) Extraordinary meeting of the shareholders' meeting: notice shall be given to each shareholder 15 days before the meeting is held; (3) No resolution may be adopted on a matter not listed in the notice; (4) A shareholder may submit an interim proposal. (See "Key Point 051" below.) |
| A Meeting May Not Be Ordered by the Court | Where a party requests the court to order the company to convene a meeting of the shareholders' meeting or of the board of directors: ① the court shall inform the party to convene the meeting itself in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Company Law; ② where the party insists on bringing the action, the court shall not accept it. | |
| Rules on Convening and Presiding | [Step 1] Board of directors: (1) A meeting of the shareholders' meeting shall be convened by the board of directors and presided over by the chairman of the board; (2) Where the chairman is unable to perform his or her duties or fails to perform them, the vice-chairman shall preside; (3) Where the vice-chairman is unable to perform his or her duties or fails to perform them, the directors shall jointly elect one director by a majority of more than half of the directors to preside. [Step 2] Board of supervisors: Where the board of directors is unable to perform, or fails to perform, its duty to convene a meeting of the shareholders' meeting, the board of supervisors shall promptly convene and preside over the meeting. [Step 3] Shareholders: Where the board of supervisors does not convene and preside over the meeting, shareholders representing 1/10 or more of the voting rights may convene and preside over the meeting themselves. | [Step 1] Board of directors: (Same as in the left column.) [Step 2] Board of supervisors: (Same as in the left column.) [Step 3] Shareholders: Where the board of supervisors does not convene and preside over the meeting, shareholders who, alone or together with others, have held 10% or more of the company's shares for 90 consecutive days or more may convene and preside over the meeting themselves. |
[Example] The articles of association of Xuancao Joint Stock Limited Company provide that the number of directors shall be 12, while the actual number of directors is 8. In this case, there is no need to convene an extraordinary meeting of the shareholders' meeting. "Less than" does not include the number itself; only where the number is fewer than 8 is an extraordinary meeting of the shareholders' meeting required.
Key Point 051: (Joint Stock Limited Company) Interim Proposals by Shareholders ★★
1. Qualification of the Shareholder (1) A shareholder of a joint stock limited company who, alone or together with others, holds 1% or more of the company's shares; [Xuan's Key Point] Whether a shareholder of a limited liability company enjoys this right is not prescribed in the Company Law; the specific matter is left to the articles of association. (2) The company may not raise the shareholding proportion required of a shareholder submitting an interim proposal.
2. Content (1) An interim proposal shall have a clear topic and specific matters for resolution; (2) An interim proposal shall not violate laws, administrative regulations, or the articles of association, and shall not exceed the scope of the shareholders' meeting's powers.
3. Timing (1) The shareholder referred to above may submit an interim proposal in writing to the board of directors 10 days before the meeting of the shareholders' meeting is held; (2) The board of directors shall, within two days of receiving the proposal, notify the other shareholders and submit the interim proposal to the shareholders' meeting for consideration.
Key Point 052: Rules on Resolutions of Meetings of the Shareholders' Meeting ★★★
The rules on resolutions are the rules that determine, when the shareholders' meeting discusses a proposal, in what circumstances the proposal is adopted and in what circumstances it is not adopted.
| Item | Limited Liability Company | Joint Stock Limited Company |
| Method of Voting | (1) At a meeting of the shareholders' meeting, shareholders shall exercise their voting rights in proportion to their capital contributions; except where the articles of association provide otherwise. (2) Where shareholders who have subscribed capital contributions, representing two-thirds or more of the voting rights, adopt a resolution determining the proportion of voting rights on the basis of other criteria such as the proportion of capital contributions actually made, and a shareholder requests confirmation that the resolution is void, the court shall not support such a claim. | (1) A shareholder attending a meeting of the shareholders' meeting shall have one vote for each share held, except for class shareholders; (2) Shares in itself held by the company have no voting rights; (3) In electing directors and supervisors at a meeting of the shareholders' meeting, cumulative voting may be adopted in accordance with the articles of association or a resolution of the shareholders' meeting [1]. |
| Valid Voting | Ordinary matters: A resolution of the shareholders' meeting shall be adopted by shareholders representing more than half of the voting rights. Major matters: A resolution of the shareholders' meeting to amend the articles of association, to increase or reduce the registered capital, or on the merger, division, dissolution, or change of the form of the company, shall be adopted by shareholders representing two-thirds or more of the voting rights. Mnemonic: "Amend the articles, change capital, divide, merge, dissolve, change form — two-thirds." | Ordinary matters: A resolution of the shareholders' meeting shall be adopted by more than half of the voting rights held by the shareholders present at the meeting. Major matters: A resolution of the shareholders' meeting to amend the articles of association, to increase or reduce the registered capital, or on the merger, division, dissolution, or change of the form of the company, shall be adopted by two-thirds or more of the voting rights held by the shareholders present at the meeting. |
| Proxy | None | Where a shareholder appoints a proxy to attend a meeting of the shareholders' meeting, the matters, powers, and period of the proxy's authority shall be specified. The proxy shall exercise voting rights within the scope of the authorisation. |
| Minutes of the Meeting | (1) The shareholders' meeting, the board of directors, and the board of supervisors shall make minutes of the decisions on the matters discussed, and the shareholders, directors, and supervisors present at the meeting shall sign the minutes; (2) Meetings of the shareholders' meeting, the board of directors, and the board of supervisors, and voting thereat, may be conducted by means of electronic communication, except where the articles of association provide otherwise. |
[1] Cumulative voting means that, when the shareholders' meeting elects directors or supervisors, each share carries voting rights equal in number to the number of directors or supervisors to be elected, and the voting rights held by a shareholder may be used cumulatively.
Key Point 053: Procedures for Convening Meetings of the Board of Directors and the Board of Supervisors, and Rules on Resolutions ★
1. Board of Directors
| Item | Limited Liability Company | Joint Stock Limited Company |
| Time of Meeting; Extraordinary Meeting of the Board of Directors | None | (1) At least two meetings shall be held each year, and each meeting shall be notified to all directors and supervisors 10 days before the meeting is held; (2) Shareholders representing 1/10 or more of the voting rights, 1/3 or more of the directors, or the board of supervisors may propose the convening of an extraordinary meeting of the board of directors. |
| Procedure for Convening | (1) A meeting of the board of directors shall be convened and presided over by the chairman of the board; (2) Where the chairman is unable to perform his or her duties or fails to perform them, the vice-chairman shall convene and preside over the meeting; where the vice-chairman is unable to perform his or her duties or fails to perform them, the directors shall jointly elect one director by a majority of more than half of the directors to convene and preside over the meeting. | |
| Manner of Discussion and Voting Procedure | Other manners of discussion and voting procedures shall be prescribed by the articles of association. | (1) A meeting of the board of directors may be held only where more than half of the directors are present; (2) A resolution of the board of directors shall be adopted by more than half of all directors; (See In-Class Quiz 1.) (3) Voting on a resolution of the board of directors shall be by one vote per director; (4) The board of directors shall make minutes of the decisions on the matters discussed, and the directors present at the meeting shall sign the minutes. (5) A meeting of the board of directors shall be attended by the directors in person; where a director is unable to attend for a reason, he or she may appoint another director in writing to attend on his or her behalf, and the letter of appointment shall state the scope of the authorisation. |
| Liability of Directors | None | (1) Directors shall bear responsibility for the resolutions of the board of directors; (2) Where a resolution of the board of directors violates laws, administrative regulations, the articles of association, or a resolution of the shareholders' meeting, and causes serious loss to the company, the directors who participated in the resolution shall bear liability for compensation to the company; (3) A director who proves that he or she expressed dissent at the time of voting and that such dissent was recorded in the minutes of the meeting may be exempted from liability. (See In-Class Quiz 2.) |
1. Board of Supervisors
| Item | Limited Liability Company | Joint Stock Limited Company |
| Time of Meeting | The board of supervisors shall hold at least one meeting each year. | The board of supervisors shall hold at least one meeting every six months. |
| Rules on Convening and Presiding | (Omitted) | |
| Rules on Voting | (1) Voting on a resolution of the board of supervisors shall be by one vote per supervisor; (2) A resolution of the board of supervisors shall be adopted by more than half of all supervisors. |
[In-Class Quiz]
1. A company's board of directors has 10 members in total, and 6 members attended this meeting of the board of directors. A resolution to change the general manager, Xiao Li, was passed by 4 persons. Question: Is the resolution of the board of directors valid? Answer: The resolution is not valid. The resolution must be adopted by more than half of all directors, that is, by 6 persons, to be valid; since the votes cast at this meeting did not reach the minimum voting requirement, the resolution is not valid.
2. The board of directors proposed placing the company's funds in the personal account of a Mr Liu for the purchase of shares, and Director Xiang, a good-natured man, felt that this was improper but cast an abstention. The resolution has now caused enormous loss to the company. Question: May Xiang be exempted from liability for compensation to the company? Answer: No, he may not be exempted. Casting an abstention does not exempt a director from liability. The law requires the director to have "expressed dissent", which means that only a vote "against" can exempt a director from liability.
III. Composition and Term of Office of the Board of Directors and the Board of Supervisors, and the Audit Committee
Key Point 054: Composition of the Board of Directors and the Board of Supervisors ★★★
| Item | Limited Liability Company | Joint Stock Limited Company |
| Number of Members | Board of directors: (1) The board of directors shall have three or more members. (2) A limited liability company of small scale or with a small number of shareholders may have no board of directors, and instead have one director who exercises the powers of the board of directors (with no chairman); that director may concurrently serve as the company's manager. Board of supervisors: (1) The board of supervisors shall have three or more members. Directors and senior officers may not concurrently serve as supervisors. (2) A limited liability company of small scale or with a small number of shareholders may have no board of supervisors, and instead have one supervisor who exercises the powers of the board of supervisors; with the unanimous consent of all shareholders, it may also have no supervisor. (3) An audit committee composed of directors may be established within the board of directors in accordance with the articles of association, to exercise the powers of the board of supervisors, in which case no board of supervisors or supervisor shall be established. | Board of directors: The same rules as in the left column apply. Board of supervisors: (1) A joint stock limited company of small scale or with a small number of shareholders may have no board of supervisors, and instead have one supervisor who exercises the powers of the board of supervisors; (2) The other provisions are the same. |
| Employee Representatives | Board of directors: (1) Companies of ordinary scale: the board of directors may include employee representatives of the company. (2) Large-scale companies: in a limited liability company with 300 or more employees, the board of directors shall include employee representatives of the company; the employee representatives shall be democratically elected by the company's employees through the employees' representative congress, the employees' congress, or other means. Board of supervisors: (1) Shareholder representatives plus employee representatives; (2) The proportion of employee representatives shall not be less than one-third, the specific proportion to be prescribed by the articles of association; (3) The employee representatives shall be democratically elected by the company's employees through the employees' representative congress, the employees' congress, or other means. | Board of directors: The same rules as in the left column apply. Board of supervisors: The same rules as in the left column apply. |
| Chairman of the Board / Chairman of the Board of Supervisors | Chairman of the board: (1) The board of directors shall have one chairman, and may have a vice-chairman; (2) The method of selecting the chairman and vice-chairman shall be prescribed by the articles of association. Chairman of the board of supervisors: The board of supervisors shall have one chairman, who shall be elected by more than half of all supervisors. | Chairman of the board: The chairman and vice-chairman shall be elected by the board of directors by more than half of all directors. Chairman of the board of supervisors: The board of supervisors shall have one chairman, and may have a vice-chairman. |
Key Point 055: The Audit Committee ★★★
| Item | Limited Liability Company | Joint Stock Limited Company |
| Composition | (1) An audit committee may be established within the board of directors in accordance with the articles of association, to exercise the powers of the board of supervisors, in which case no board of supervisors or supervisor shall be established. (2) The audit committee shall be composed of directors; an employee representative on the audit committee may be a member of the audit committee. | |
| Number of Members; Prohibitions on Holding Office | There are no provisions on the number of members of the audit committee or on prohibitions on holding office. | The audit committee shall have three or more members, and more than half of its members shall not hold any post in the company other than that of director, and shall not have any relationship with the company that may affect their independent and objective judgment. |
| Voting | The law makes no provision on voting on resolutions of the audit committee, which is left to the articles of association. | (1) Voting on a resolution of the audit committee shall be by one vote per member; (2) A resolution shall be adopted by more than half of the members of the audit committee. |
Key Point 056: Term of Office and Resignation (the Rules Are the Same for Both Types of Company) ★★★
1. Term of Office of Directors and Supervisors (1) The term of office of a director shall be prescribed by the articles of association, but the term of each session shall not exceed three years; the term of office of a supervisor shall be three years per session. [Xuan's Key Point] [Common Pitfall] The term of each session for a director is ≤ 3 years; the term of each session for a supervisor is = 3 years. (2) Upon the expiry of their term of office, directors and supervisors may be re-elected for a further term.
2. Circumstances in Which a Former Director Continues to Perform His or Her Duties (the Same Rules Apply to Supervisors) Article 70, Paragraph 2 of the Company Law: Where, upon the expiry of a director's term of office, a successor has not been elected in time, or where a director resigns during his or her term of office with the result that the number of members of the board of directors falls below the statutory number, the former director shall, before the newly elected director takes office, continue to perform the duties of a director in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and the articles of association.
| Circumstance | Key Point | Content | Example |
| Circumstance 1 | Expiry + new person in place = must continue to perform duties | Where, upon the expiry of a director's (supervisor's) term of office, a successor has not been elected in time, the former director (supervisor) shall, before the newly elected director (supervisor) takes office, continue to perform the duties of a director (supervisor) in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and the articles of association. | [Example 1] Company A has three members on its board of directors in total (the minimum number for a board of directors being three). If Director Wei resigns during his term of office, Wei must still perform his duties before the new director takes office. |
| Circumstance 2 | Before expiry + below the statutory number + new person in place = must continue to perform duties | Where a director (supervisor) resigns during his or her term of office with the result that the number of members of the board of directors (board of supervisors) falls below the statutory number, the former director (supervisor) shall, before the newly elected director (supervisor) takes office, continue to perform the duties of a director (supervisor) in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, and the articles of association. | [Example 2] Company B has 11 members on its board of directors in total. If Director Zhang resigns during his term of office, 10 directors remain, so Zhang may resign and leave, and need not continue to perform his duties. |
1. Resignation of a Director (1) Where a director resigns, he or she shall notify the company in written form, and the resignation shall take effect on the date on which the company receives the notice. However, where resignation during the term of office results in the number of members of the board of directors falling below the statutory number, the director shall continue to perform his or her duties before the newly elected director takes office. (2) Where a director who serves as the legal representative resigns, he or she shall be deemed to have resigned simultaneously as legal representative. (3) Where the legal representative resigns, the company shall determine a new legal representative within 30 days from the date of the legal representative's resignation.
2. A Director's Office May Be Removed Without Cause (1) The shareholders' meeting may adopt a resolution to remove a director, and the removal shall take effect on the date on which the resolution is adopted; (2) Where a director is removed without proper cause before the expiry of his or her term of office, the director may require the company to make compensation; (3) Where, after a director's office has been removed, a dispute arises with the company over compensation and an action is brought in court, the court shall comprehensively consider factors such as the reason for the removal, the remaining term of office, and the director's remuneration, in determining whether compensation shall be made and the reasonable amount of compensation.
[Principle] In theory, the relationship between the shareholders' meeting and a director is one of "mandate" (agency), and both parties to the contract have a right of termination at will — that is, the shareholders' meeting may remove a director from office at any time, and a director may also resign at any time, whether or not his or her term of office has expired. (Mandate contract — both parties have the same right.)
[Classic Case] On 11 November 2017, A and B submitted to Xuancao Company letters of resignation from their offices as directors, both letters containing the words "We hope the company will approve [our resignation]". Chairman C confirmed in the company's chronicle of major events that he had received the two letters of resignation. Over the following two years and more, Xuancao Company did not convene a meeting of the shareholders' meeting, did not discuss the directors' resignations, did not make any change of registration with the Administration for Industry and Commerce, and did not elect additional directors. On 3 March 2020, A and B, on the ground that "the company has not convened a meeting of the shareholders' meeting or of the board of directors for more than two years, and, in view of C's inability or failure to perform the duties of chairman, great harm has been caused to the company's production and operations", proposed to convene a meeting of the board of directors to remove C from the office of chairman. Question: What is the validity of the resolution adopted at that meeting of the board of directors? Answer: The resolution is revocable. The relationship between a company and a director is one of mandate, and the resignation takes legal effect from the date on which the company receives the director's notice of resignation. Therefore, in this case, A and B had no right to propose the convening of a meeting of the board of directors, the procedure for convening that meeting was unlawful, and the resolution is revocable.
IV. Special Provisions on the Organs of Listed Companies
A listed company is a joint stock limited company whose shares are listed for trading on a stock exchange.
Key Point 057: Independent Directors ★
1. Concept An independent director is a director who does not hold any post in the listed company other than that of director, and who has no direct or indirect interest in, or any other relationship with, the listed company by which he or she is engaged, its major shareholders, or its actual controllers that may affect his or her independent and objective judgment.
2. Specific Requirements (1) An independent director shall, in principle, serve as an independent director in no more than three domestic listed companies, and shall ensure that he or she has sufficient time and energy to effectively perform the duties of an independent director; (2) Independent directors shall account for no less than one-third of the members of the board of directors of a listed company, and shall include at least one accounting professional; (3) The term of office of an independent director in each session shall be the same as that of the other directors of the listed company, and upon expiry of the term, he or she may be re-elected for a further term, but shall not serve consecutively for more than six years; (4) Where an independent director fails to attend a meeting of the board of directors in person on two consecutive occasions, and also fails to appoint another independent director to attend on his or her behalf, the board of directors shall, within 30 days from the date on which that fact arises, propose the convening of a meeting of the shareholders' meeting to remove the independent director from office.
Key Point 058: The Audit Committee and the Secretary of the Board of Directors ★
1. Duties of the Audit Committee Where a listed company establishes an audit committee within its board of directors, the board of directors shall, before adopting a resolution on any of the following matters, obtain the approval of more than half of all members of the audit committee:
2. Duties of the Secretary of the Board of Directors A listed company shall have a secretary of the board of directors, who shall perform the following duties: (1) be responsible for the preparation of meetings of the company's shareholders' meeting and board of directors; (2) be responsible for the safekeeping of documents and the management of the company's shareholder information; (3) handle matters relating to information disclosure, among other matters.
Key Point 059: Special Rules for Listed Companies ★
1. Exclusion of Interested Directors from Voting
[Example] Company A, a listed company (hereinafter referred to as "Company A"), is preparing to convene a meeting of its board of directors to consider an investment in Company B, and the wife of Director Sun of Company A, Ms Wu, serves as vice-chairman of Company B. Director Sun therefore has an affiliated relationship with Company B, which is involved in the matter to be resolved by Company A, and should not take part in voting at the meeting of Company A's board of directors.
1. Special Voting Rights Where, within one year, a listed company purchases or sells major assets, or provides security to another person, in an amount exceeding 30% of the company's total assets, the matter shall be decided by a resolution of the shareholders' meeting, adopted by two-thirds or more of the voting rights held by the shareholders present at the meeting.
2. Prohibition on Holding Shares on Behalf of Others (1) A listed company shall disclose information about its shareholders and actual controllers in accordance with the law, and such information shall be true, accurate, and complete; (2) It is prohibited to hold shares of a listed company on behalf of another person in violation of laws or administrative regulations. [Note] As already noted above, where the parties agree to hold shares of a listed company on behalf of another person, in violation of a prohibitory provision of laws or administrative regulations, or in violation of information disclosure or other State regulatory provisions affecting the order of the securities market, the people's court shall hold the nominee shareholding contract void.
3. Prohibition on Cross-Holdings with a Controlled Subsidiary (1) A controlled subsidiary of a listed company may not acquire shares of the listed company; (2) Where a controlled subsidiary of a listed company holds shares of the listed company by reason of a merger of companies, the exercise of a pledge, or any other reason, it may not exercise the voting rights attached to the shares held, and shall promptly dispose of the relevant shares of the listed company.
07 Summary of Frequently Tested Angles
1. The lawfulness of a limited liability company's governance structure. (1) Determine whether the board of directors should include employee representatives; (employees numbering 300 or more) (2) The board of supervisors should in all cases include employee representatives; (3) Master the various circumstances in which no board of supervisors is established.
2. Where a director resigns, no approval by the company is required; the shareholders' meeting may remove a director from office without cause.
3. The audit committee. (Where an audit committee is established within the board of directors, no board of supervisors or supervisor shall be established.)
4. The right of shareholders to submit interim proposals. (Joint stock limited company.)
5. Strengthened supervision of listed companies. (1) Prohibition on holding shares of a listed company on behalf of another person; (2) Prohibition on cross-holdings with a controlled subsidiary; (3) As regards financial and audit work, the addition of a preliminary resolution procedure by the audit committee.
Topic 8: Special Provisions on the Organs of State-Invested Companies
The following is the full verbatim text of Topic 8, "Special Provisions on the Organs of State-Invested Companies", from the 2026 Commercial and Economic Law — Yan Mengxuan Systematic Intensive Lecture:
Topic 8: Special Provisions on the Organs of State-Invested Companies
Key Point 060: Concept and Types of State-Invested Companies, and Common Rules on Their Organs ★
1. Concept and Types A state-invested company is a wholly state-owned company or a state-controlled company in which the State has invested capital, including a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company in which the State has invested capital. (1) A wholly state-owned company is a company in which the State alone has invested capital; (2) A state-controlled company is a company in which the State has invested capital together with other investors, but the State's capital investment holds a controlling position.
2. Common Rules on Their Organs (1) The institution performing the duties of capital contributor is the institution or department that, on behalf of the people's government at the corresponding level, performs the duties of capital contributor; (2) In a state-invested company, the organisation of the Communist Party of China shall, in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China, play a leading role, study and discuss major business and management matters of the company, and support the company's organs in exercising their powers in accordance with the law; (3) A state-invested company shall, in accordance with the law, establish and improve its internal supervision and management and risk control systems, and strengthen its internal compliance management.
Key Point 061: Special Rules on the Organs of Wholly State-Owned Companies ★★
1. No Shareholders' Meeting (1) A wholly state-owned company has no shareholders' meeting, and the institution performing the duties of capital contributor shall exercise the powers of the shareholders' meeting; (2) The institution performing the duties of capital contributor may authorise the board of directors of the company to exercise part of the powers of the shareholders' meeting, but the formulation and amendment of the articles of association, the merger, division, or dissolution of the company, an application for bankruptcy, an increase or reduction of the registered capital, and the distribution of profits shall be decided by the institution performing the duties of capital contributor.
2. A Board of Supervisors May Be Dispensed With Where a wholly state-owned company establishes within its board of directors an audit committee composed of directors to exercise the powers of the board of supervisors prescribed by the Company Law, no board of supervisors or supervisor shall be established.
3. The Board of Directors (1) More than half of the members of the board of directors of a wholly state-owned company shall be external directors, and the board shall include employee representatives of the company. (2) The members of the board of directors shall be appointed by the institution performing the duties of capital contributor; however, the employee representatives among the members of the board of directors shall be elected by the company's employees' representative congress. [Xuan's Key Point / Common Pitfall] The chairman is not elected by the "directors" and the method of selecting the chairman is not prescribed by the "articles of association". (3) The board of directors shall have one chairman, and may have a vice-chairman. The chairman and vice-chairman shall be designated by the institution performing the duties of capital contributor from among the members of the board of directors. (4) The manager of a wholly state-owned company shall be appointed or removed by the board of directors. With the consent of the institution performing the duties of capital contributor, a member of the board of directors may concurrently serve as manager. (5) Directors and senior officers of a wholly state-owned company shall not, without the consent of the institution performing the duties of capital contributor, concurrently hold office in another limited liability company, joint stock limited company, or other economic organisation.